Patients’ neuropsychological profile
| Domain | Test | Subtest (measure) | Controls | Patients | Controls vs patients | |||||||
| Test | value | p-corr | Impaired | |||||||||
| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | criterion | N | |||||||
| Episodic memory | Verbal recall | WMS-III | Logical memory immediate recall (z) | 0.33 | 1.75 | −0.84 | 1.33 | t | 4.97 | < 0.001 | ≤− 1.67 | 5 |
| Logical memory delayed recall (z) | 0.67‡ | 1.75 | −0.84 | 2.25 | U | 98.00 | < 0.001 | ≤− 1.67 | 11 | |||
| Word list immediate recall (z) | 0.67 | 2.00 | −0.67 | 0.92 | t | 5.58 | < 0.001 | ≤− 1.67 | 4 | |||
| Word list delayed recall (z) | 1.33‡ | 1.00 | −0.33‡ | 2.00 | U | 158.50 | < 0.001 | ≤− 1.67 | 2 | |||
| D&P | People (z) | −0.33 | 1.67 | −1.33 | 1.09 | t | 3.49 | 0.026 | ≤− 1.67 | 7 | ||
| Visual recall | ROCFT | Immediate recall (z) | 1.32‡ | 1.82 | 0.00 | 2.97 | U | 215.50 | 0.018 | ≤− 1.67 | 7 | |
| Delayed recall (z) | 1.38‡ | 1.87 | 0.00 ‡ | 3.42 | U | 220.50 | 0.034 | ≤− 1.67 | 8 | |||
| D&P | Shapes (z) | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.75 | Wt | 3.09 | 0.088 | ≤− 1.67 | 10 | ||
| Verbal recognition | WMS-III | Word list recognition (z) | 0.67‡ | 1.00 | 0.00 ‡ | 1.58 | U | 193.50 | 0.003 | ≤− 1.67 | 4 | |
| RMT | Words (z) | 1.00‡ | 1.67 | 0.33 ‡ | 1.67 | U | 241.50 | 0.046 | ≤− 1.67 | 3 | ||
| D&P | Names (z) | 0.33 | 2.00 | −0.67 | 1.66 | t | 3.21 | 0.046 | ≤− 1.67 | 4 | ||
| Visual recognition | RMT | Scenes (z) | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.59‡ | 1.96 | U | 247.00 | 0.572 | ≤− 1.67 | 1 | |
| D&P | Doors (z) | 0.67 | 1.33 | −0.17 | 1.75 | t | 1.89 | 0.768 | ≤− 1.67 | 7 | ||
| RMT | Faces (z) | −0.33 | 2.66 | −0.33 | 1.66 | t | 0.61 | >0.999 | ≤− 1.67 | 4 | ||
| Executive function | WMS-III | Digit span (z) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.17 | 1.59 | t | 2.89 | 0.108 | ≤− 1.67 | 1 | |
| DKEFS Fluency | Letter fluency (z) | 1.33 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 1.66 | t | 2.64 | 0.203 | ≤− 1.67 | 1 | ||
| Letter vs category fluency (z) | 0.33 | 1.33 | 1.00 | 1.00 | t | −2.13 | 0.564 | ≤− 1.67 | 0 | |||
| Category switching vs fluency (z) | 0.00 | 1.67 | 0.33 | 1.00 | t | −1.83 | 0.768 | ≤− 1.67 | 0 | |||
| DKEFS Trails | Number and letter sequencing (z) | 1.00‡ | 0.66 | 0.00 | 1.41 | U | 242.50 | 0.088 | ≤− 1.67 | 0 | ||
| Letter-number switching vs number and letter sequencing (z) | −0.33 | 0.67 | −0.17 | 1.42 | Wt | −0.39 | >0.999 | ≤− 1.67 | 1 | |||
| Intelligence, semantic memory, and language | WASI/WASI-II | Vocabulary (z) | 1.50 | 1.30 | 0.80 | 1.30 | t | 2.55 | 0.234 | ≤− 1.67 | 0 | |
| WASI/WASI-II | Similarities (z) | 0.95‡ | 0.80 | 0.85 | 1.55 | U | 238.50 | 0.768 | ≤− 1.67 | 0 | ||
| NART | p-FSIQ (z) | 1.44‡ | 0.68 | 1.04‡ | 0.71 | U | 260.00 | 0.245 | ≤− 1.67 | 0 | ||
| GNT (z) | 0.88 ‡ | 0.98 | 0.15 | 1.91 | U | 295.50 | 0.693 | ≤− 1.67 | 3 | |||
| C&CT (z) | 0.34 | 1.30 | 0.02‡ | 1.30 | U | 324.50 | 0.831 | ≤− 1.67 | 4 | |||
| Mood and anxiety | HADS | Depression (raw score; max=21) | 1.00‡ | 1.00 | 3.00‡ | 4.50 | U | 182.00 | 0.008 | ≥15 * | 0 | |
| Anxiety (raw score; max=21) | 3.50‡ | 4.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | U | 253.00 | 0.311 | ≥15 * | 1 | |||
| Visuospatial and motor function | DKEFS Trails | Visual scanning (z) | 0.67‡ | 1.67 | 0.00 | 1.34 | U | 359.50 | >0.999 | ≤− 1.67 | 3 | |
| Motor speed (z) | 0.67‡ | 1.00 | 0.33‡ | 0.67 | U | 367.50 | >0.999 | ≤− 1.67 | 3 | |||
| VOSP | Cube analysis (raw score; max=10) | 10.00‡ | 1.00 | 10.00‡ | 1.00 | U | 354.00 | >0.999 | ≤6† | 2 | ||
| Dot counting (raw score; max=10) | 10.00‡ | 0.00 | 10.00‡ | 0.00 | U | 378.50 | >0.999 | ≤8† | 0 | |||
| Position discrimination (raw score; max=20) | 20.00‡ | 0.00 | 20.00‡ | 1.00 | U | 387.00 | >0.999 | ≤18† | 4 | |||
| ROCFT | Copy (ranked percentile ranges) | > 16th percentile‡ | – | > 16th percentile‡ | – | U | 421.50 | >0.999 | ≤16th percentile | 2 | ||
Controls (n = 39; 26M:13F; age: mean (SD) 60.86 (11.61) years) and patients (n = 24; 20M:4F; age: mean (SD) 63.45 (11.27) years) did not differ in age at assessment (t =−0.87, p=0.39) or M:F ratio (χ2 = 2.10, p=0.15).
*Cut-off score for severe range.
†5% cut-off score; ‘impaired’: number of patients below the cut-off score per test.
‡Shapiro-Wilk test: p<0.05.
Bold, p-corr <0.05; C&CT, Camel and Cactus Test; DKEFS, Dellis-Kaplan Executive Function System; D&P, Doors and People Test; GNT, Graded Naming Test; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NART, National Adult Reading Test; RMT, Recognition Memory Test; ROCFT, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; U, Mann-Whitney U; VOSP, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery; WASI/WASI-II, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale III; Wt, Welch’s t-test; pFSIQ, premorbid Full-Scale IQ; p-corr, p values adjusted for Holm-Bonferroni sequential correction for multiple comparisons across all tests; t, Student’s t-test; z, age-scaled standardised scores.