Clinical details of patient group
| Patient | Age | Sex | Antibody | Acute VGKCC Ab titre (pmol/L) | Onset to study inclusion (years) | Onset to immunosuppressive treatment (months) | Latest seizure to study inclusion (years) | Seizure type | Immunotherapy | Acute HPC T2 signal | Acute HPC volume | Acute HPC diffusion | Acute extra-HPC abnormalities | Follow-up HPC volume (z) |
| 01 | 73.19 | M | LGI1 | 4717 | 7 | 3 | >4 | GTCS; SPS | Oral steroids; PLEX; IVIG | R: normal L: very high | R: normal L: very enlarged | R: facilitated L: normal | L AMG: high T2 signal | R: −1.84 L: −2.68 |
| 02 | 76.04 | F | VGKCC | 801 | 6 | 1 | <1 | CPS; FBDS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: normal L: high | R: mildly atrophic L: normal | R: facilitated L: facilitated | – | R: −1.40 L: −2.12 |
| 03 | 68.58 | M | VGKCC | 1936 | 6 | 12 | >4 | GTCS; CPS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: normal L: very high | R: normal L: very enlarged | R: facilitated L: normal | L AMG, L ERC: high T2 signal | R: 1.75 L: −0.03 |
| 04 | 53.21 | M | LGI1 | 336* | 7 | <1 | >6 | MCS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: high L: normal | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: facilitated | – | R: −4.67 L: −3.69 |
| 05 | 68.85 | M | LGI1 | 1500 | 13 | <1 | >11 | PCS; GTCS | Oral steroids; PLEX; IVIG | R: normal† L: normal† | R: normal† L: normal† | n/a† | – | R: −1.74 L: −2.27 |
| 06 | 64.44 | M | LGI1 | 1735 | 6 | 8 | >5 | FBDS | Oral steroids; PLEX; IVIG | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: normal | n/a | – | R: −0.58 L: −0.22 |
| 07 | 66.92 | M | LGI1 | 416 | 11 | 5 | >10 | GTCS; CPS | PLEX; IVIG | R: normal L: high | R: normal L: enlarged | n/a | L/R AMG: high T2 signal | R: 1.79 L: 2.20 |
| 08 | 79.57 | M | LGI1 | 4950 | 3 | 3 | >1 | GTCS; CPS | Oral steroids; PLEX; IVIG | R: high L: high | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: facilitated | – | R: −0.59 L: 0.89 |
| 09 | 57.38 | M | LGI1 | 3422 | 2 | 3 | >1 | CPS | Oral steroids; PLEX | R: very high L: high | R: enlarged L: enlarged | R: normal L: normal | – | R: −1.32 L: −1.06 |
| 10 | 57.39 | M | LGI1 | 1306 | 9 | 38 | <1 | MCS | Oral steroids | n/a‡ | n/a‡ | n/a‡ | – | R: −3.96 L: −5.30 |
| 11 | 46.70 | M | LGI1 | 2249 | 1 | 3 | <1 | CPS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: very high L: high | R: normal L: normal | n/a | – | R: −1.95 L: −2.17 |
| 12 | 55.05 | M | LGI1/CASPR2 | 1228 | 9 | 2 | >1 | GTCS; CPS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: high L: normal | R: atrophic L: normal | n/a | – | R: −2.58 L: −0.28 |
| 13 | 38.08 | M | LGI1/CASPR2 | 378§ | 2 | <1 | >2 | n/a | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: normal L: normal | R: mildly atrophic L: mildly atrophic | R: normal L: normal | – | R: −3.47 L: −2.97 |
| 14 | 82.46 | M | LGI1 | 956 | 10 | 2 | >9 | n/a | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: high L: normal | R: mildly atrophic L: mildly atrophic | R: facilitated L: facilitated | – | R: −3.23 L: −2.06 |
| 15 | 55.18 | M | LGI1 | 4091 | 3 | 12 | >1 | GTCS; CPS | Oral steroids | R: very high L: normal | R: normal L: normal | R: facilitated L: facilitated | – | R: −4.47 L: −2.71 |
| 16 | 56.03 | M | LGI1/CASPR2 | 2878 | 4 | 7 | >2 | GTCS; CPS; MCS | Oral steroids; PLEX | R: very high L: normal | R: very enlarged L: normal | R: facilitated L: facilitated | – | R: −1.49 L: −3.31 |
| 17 | 56.93 | M | VGKCC | 1032 | 5 | 2 | <1 | CPS | Oral steroids; PLEX; IVIG | R: high L: normal | R: enlarged L: normal | n/a | – | R: −1.49 L: −2.27 |
| 18 | 76.59 | M | LGI1 | 1430 | 2 | 3 | <1 | GTCS; CPS; MCS; FBDS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: high L: high | R: enlarged L: enlarged | R: normal L: normal | L/R AMG: high T2 signal; enlarged | R: −0.03 L: 0.27 |
| 19 | 79.00 | M | LGI1/CASPR2 | 1116 | <1 | 3 | <1 | CPS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: high L: high | R: mildly atrophic L: normal | R: normal L: normal | – | R: −0.04 L: 0.80 |
| 20 | 53.83 | F | LGI1 | 1094 | <1 | 2 | <1 | CPS | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: high L: high | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: normal | – | R: −0.49 L: −0.72 |
| 21 | 75.07 | F | VGKCC | n/a | 1 | n/a | >1 | n/a | Oral steroids; IVIG | R: very high L: very high | R: enlarged L: enlarged | R: facilitated L: facilitated | – | R: −1.44 L: −2.70 |
| 22 | 65.32 | M | LGI1 | 1400 | 2 | 2 | >1 | n/a | Oral steroids | R: high L: high | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: normal | – | R: −1.30 L: −1.05 |
| 23 | 66.25 | M | VGKCC | 949 | 5 | 44 | >5 | n/a | IVIG | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: normal | R: normal L: normal | – | R: 0.37 L: 0.28 |
| 24 | 60.49 | M | VGKCC | n/a | 6 | n/a†‡§ | >3 | FBDS | Oral steroids; PLEX; IVIG | R: high L: high | R: atrophic L: atrophic | R: normal L: normal | L/R AMG: high T2 signal; atrophy | R: −4.49 L: −3.51 |
Acute titre per pmol/L.
No abnormality recorded.
*Reached 625 on repeat testing.
†Clinical letter mentions bilaterally high T2 signal in the hippocampi, disclosed by subsequent T2 clinical MRI (unavailable for rating).
‡Acute T2 clinical MRI unavailable for rating; clinical letter mentions bilaterally high T2 signal and enlargement in the hippocampi.
§Reached 1293 on repeat testing.
CASPR2, anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2; CPS, complex partial seizures; F, female; FBDS, faciobrachial dystonic seizures; GTCS, generalised tonic-clonic seizures; HPC, hippocampus; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; LGI1, anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1; M, male; MCS, myoclonic seizures; PLEX, plasma exchange; SPS, simple partial seizures; VGKCC, anti-voltage-gated potassium channel complex; n/a, no information available; z, z-score calculated from mean and standard deviation of volumes of individually age-matched normal controls.